Here are some data points on fine-tuning:
(the main reference is :
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html, other references listed below)
Expansion rate of the universe 1 part in 10^60 (1:10^60)
if larger: the heat and energy of the universe would dissipate too quickly stable galaxies would not form
if smaller: the matter in the universe would have collapsed back on itself
Gravitational force constant 1:10^40
if larger: stars would be too hot, they would burn up too quickly, and too unevenly
if smaller: stars would remain too cool so that nuclear fusion would never ignite and hence we would have no element production
Initial Entropy of the Universe 1:10^10^123 (one in ten to the tenth to the 123rd)
if larger: stars would not form within proto-galaxies
if smaller: no proto-galaxies would form
Mass Density of Universe 1:10^59
if larger: overabundance of deuterium from big bang would cause stars to burn rapidly, too rapidly for life to form
if smaller: insufficient helium from big bang would result in a shortage of heavy elements
Strong nuclear force 1:50
if larger: no hydrogen would form; atomic nuclei for most life-essential elements would be unstable
if smaller: no elements heavier than hydrogen would form
Cosmological constant 1:10^120
if larger: universe would expand too quickly to form solar-type stars
Ratio of number of electrons to number of protons 1:10^37
if larger or smaller, electromagnetism would dominate gravity, preventing galaxy, star, and planet formation
Ratio of Electromagnetic force constant :Gravitational force constant 1:10^40
if larger: all stars would be at least 40% more massive than the sun stellar burning would be too brief and too uneven to support life
if smaller: all stars would be at least 20% less massive than the sun, thus incapable of producing heavy elements
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html lists 34 fine-tuning parameters
- strong nuclear force constant
- weak nuclear force constant
- gravitational force constant
- electromagnetic force constant
- ratio of electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force constant
- ratio of electron to proton mass
- ratio of number of protons to number of electrons
- expansion rate of the universe
- entropy level of the universe
- mass density of the universe
- velocity of light
- age of the universe
- initial uniformity of radiation
- average distance between galaxies
- density of galaxy cluster
- average distance between stars
- fine structure constant (describing the fine-structure splitting of spectral lines)
- decay rate of protons
- 12C to 16O nuclear energy level ratio
- ground state energy level for 4He
- decay rate of 8Be
- ratio of neutron mass to proton mass
- initial excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons
- polarity of the water molecule
- supernovae eruptions
- white dwarf binaries
- ratio of exotic matter mass to ordinary matter mass
- number of effective dimensions in the early universe
- number of effective dimensions in the present universe
- mass of the neutrino
- big bang ripples
- size of the relativistic dilation factor
- uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- cosmological constant
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html
One part in 10^37 is such an incredibly sensitive balance that it is hard to visualize. The following analogy might help: Cover the entire North American continent in dimes all the way up to the moon, a height of about 239,000 miles (In comparison, the money to pay for the U.S. federal government debt would cover one square mile less than two feet deep with dimes.). Next, pile dimes from here to the moon on a billion other continents the same size as North America. Paint one dime red and mix it into the billions of piles of dimes. Blindfold a friend and ask him to pick out one dime. The odds that he will pick the red dime are one in 10^37
Nobel Prize winning scientists who believed that the scientific evidence is best explained by an intelligent designer and creator of the universe include Werner Heisenberg, Albert Einstein, Guglielmo Marconi, Brian D. Josephson, William Phillips, Richard Smalley, Arno Penzias, Charles Townes, George Wald, Arthur Compton, Antony Hewish, Christian Anfinsen, Walter Kohn, and Arthur Schawlow. Other scientists who believed the same thing include Sir Fred Hoyle, John von Neumann, and Wernher von Braun.
http://sites.google.com/site/chs4o8pt/eminent_researchers
References
http://www.jashow.org/wiki/index.ph...odern_Science_That_Prove_God_Exists/Program_3
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2010/04/roger_penrose_on_cosmic_finetu033691.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuned_Universe